TARR AND McMURRY^GEOGRAPHlES 



SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



ARIZONA 



BY 

F. M. IRISH 

HEAD OK DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, 
TKMPE NORMAL SCHOOL OF ARIZONA 



Neto, gorft 

THE MACMILLAN .COMPANY 

1907 

• 'ah riffhis reaeri\'f 




Class r %i 

Book • I ^-^-^ 



Copyright)]^. 



COPYRIGHT DETOSIT: 



ARIZONA 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO 
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited 

LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 

TORONTO 



I 




ARIZONA 

Scale of Miles 

Cities with over 5000 TuCSOll p 

_ Capitals® County Seats® Cities and Villafe'es :^000 to.->(IOO^Prescott 
Other Places* Railroads — Cities and Villages lUOO to 3000-FlaBstatr 
WILLIAMS et.r.«A. Mi CO.. N t. Villages with less than 1000 Mohave Cit.v 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



S UPPLEMENTAR Y VOL UME 



ARIZONA 



BY 

F. M. IRISH 

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, 
TKMPE NORMAL SCHOOL OF ARIZONA 



Neil) i!0rf$\ 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

1907 

All rights reserved 



T c^ 



UftnAKY of CONGRESS 
I wo CoDles Received 

SEP 12 I90f 

Capyneitt Bntry 

A XXc, No, 
COPY B. 



Copyright, 1007, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1907. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

1'HYSIOGRAPHY of the COROILI.ERAN RkGION ....... 1 

Arizona .............. 2 

Position 2 

Size 2 

Population 2 

History .............. 3 

Physiography' ............. 6 

Surface : Plateau Region ; IMountaiii Region ; Desert Region ; Mountain 

Peaks 6-10 

Drainage: Little Colorado River; Gila River System; Salt River; The 

Underflow ; Colorado River 10-13 

Climate and Soil ............ 13 

Temperature : Plateau Region ; Desert Region ; Mountain Region ; Range 

of Temperature ........... 13-14 

Bainfall . • . 14 

Irrigation ............. 15 

Resources and Industries .......... 16 

Mines and Mning : Copper; Gold; Silver; Other Minerals; Building 

Stone 10-19 

Agriculture: Fruit Growing; Stock Raising; Sheep Grazing; Ostrich 

Panning ............ 19-22 

Lumbering ............. 22 

Manufacttiring 22 

Commerce and Transportation ......... 23 

Education .............. 24 

Cities and Towns ... . . . . . . . c . 20 

Appendix ....,.*......- 30 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CORDILLERAN REGION 



3J«4C 



The western portion of the United States is a part of the great 
region of mountains and plateaus which extends from Mexico north- 
ward into Canada. This great elevated region is known as the 
Cordilleras. 

Along its eastern border, in the United States, rise the rugged 
ranges of the Rocky Mountain system. 

Near the western border of the Cordilleras is another nearly 
parallel system of mountains, consisting of the Sierra Nevada and 
Cascade ranges, and still farther west, close to the Pacific Ocean, is 
a third mountain system known collectively as the Coast Ranges. 

Between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada-Cascade 
system is a series of great plateaus. At the north is the Columbia 
plateau, drained by the Columbia River, which has cut its way 
through the Cascade range to the ocean. 

Farther south is the Colorado Plateau, drained by the Colorado 
River, which flows in a southwesterly direction into the Gulf of 
California. 

Between these two plateaus is the elevated region known as the 
Great Basin, because its scanty rainfall finds no drainage outlet. 
Its surface is broken by many parallel ranges of mountains extend- 
ing north and south. 

South of the Colorado Plateau is a region of somewhat lower 
elevation, similar to the Basin region, except in that its drainage 
finds an outlet through the tributaries of the Colorado River. 

Arizona includes part of the Colorado Plateau and part of the 
open basin region to the south. 



ARIZOXA 

Position. — On a map of the United States locate Arizona. What 
political divisions border uj^on Arizona? What river forms part of 
its boundary? Between what meridians of longitude is Arizona? 
Between what parallels of latitude ? On a globe trace the thirty- 
fifth parallel around the world. What states and countries lie on or 
near this line? What important cities have about the same latitude 
as Phoenix? Draw an outline map of Arizona, with names of politi- 
cal divisions touching its borders. Put in the principal rivers. 
Mark Avith a dot each of six leading cities. Locate your own county 
and mark the county seat. 

What natural advantages has Arizona by reason of its position? 
On a map of the United States determine the distance from PlK^enix 
to Los Angeles; to Chicago; to New York. 

Size. — The total area of Arizona is 113,020 square miles, which 
is nearly twice the area of Illinois, and greater than that of all New 
England, together with Pennsylvania. Compare the area of Arizona 
with that of England; of France; of Italy. Using the scale of 
miles, find the distance across Arizona from east to west ; from north 
to south. AVhat is tlie distance from Bisbee to Flagstaff? Why 
can one not travel from Douglas to Kingman in a straight line ? 
What are the advantages of the great size of Arizona? The disad- 
vantages ? 

Population. — In 1000, the population of Arizona, by the United 
States census, was 122,931. This number shows an increase of 
nearly forty per cent in the ten years from 1890 to 1900. This gain 
was largely due to the immigration of people attracted by the wealth 
of the mines or the opportunity for agriculture. Official estimates 
show that the population of Arizona in 1907 was about 185,000, and 
that it is increasing at the rate of seven per cent each year. 

There were, in 1900, 24,644 Indians on reservations in Arizona. 
These Indians are being taught to care for and support themselves, 
and Indian troubles in Arizona are a thing of the past. 

Of the white population, fully three fourths are natives of the 
United States. They are an enterprising people of high social ideals. 

o 



HISTORY 



HISTORY 



The earliest human inhabitants of Arizona, of whom there is any 
trace, were a people similar in habits to the Hopi Indians who still 
dwell in the pueblos or villages of the plateau north of the Little 
Colorado River. Many evidences remain to show that these were 
an agricultural people and possessed a rude sort of civilization. In 
the canyons of the mountain and plateau regions are hundreds of 
cliff dwellings built of stone under the projecting ledges of rock. 
These contain pottery, ornaments, rude stone implements, and often 
human skeletons. In the valleys of the desert regions are the ruins 
of many villages built of clay, also ancient irrigating canals which 
show that these people understood raising crops in a dry climate. 
Even before the time of Columbus this region supported a large 
population, but, for some unknown reason, these dwellings had been 
abandoned long before the first Spanish explorers visited what is 
now Arizona. 

The attention of white men was first turned to Arizona in the 
early part of the sixteenth century. The Spaniards, who had con- 
quered Mexico, heard wonderful tales of the marvelous wealth of 
the " Seven Cities of Cibola, '' which were said to be situated some- 
where in the north. In 1539, the Viceroy of Mexico sent Marcos 
de Niza, a Franciscan friar, to see if he could find these wonderful 
cities. De Niza, with his party, crossed the present boundary of 
Arizona somewhere west of the present site of Nogales, and was 
received in a friendly manner by the Pima Indians along the Gila 
River. Traveling northeastward across the Little Colorado River, 
he came in sight of what he supposed to be Cibola, but the inhabit- 
ants were so hostile that he returned to IMexico without further 
investigation. 

Thus the first exploration of Arizona occurred about the same 
time that the French were exploring the St. Lawrence, and long 
before the English made tlieir first settlements in Virginia. 

When ALarcos de Niza returned to Mexico, he told such a 
wonderful story of what he had seen, that, in 1540, another expedi- 
tion was sent out under Francisco Coronado, who followed nearly 
the same route as did Marcos de Niza. On the way, he camped 
near the present site of Florence, and saw the Casa Grande, one of 



ABIZOSA 




the ancient dwellings mentioned above. At that time it was 
already deserted and partly destroyed, , but the walls are standing 
there yet. When Coronado reached Cibola, instead of rich cities 
full of gold and jewels, he found only a few poor Indian pueblos, 
some of which are still standing and inhabited. After subduing 
these Indians and sending out various exploring parties, one of 
which discovered the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Coronado re- 
turned, sadly disappointed. But though he had found no treasure, he 
had claimed the country for Spain and liad opened the Avay for the 
missionaries, who now began to spread Christianity among the Indians. 

For a long time the mis- 
sionaries were hampered by 
the hostilities of the Apaches, 
who prevented them from 
making many permanent set- 
tlements. About 1732 they 
founded the mission of San 
Xavier, whicli still stands a 
few miles south of Tucson. 
Tucson was settled j^robably 
about the same time. 
Arizona remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico 
gained her independence. In 1816, during the war between the United 
States and Mexico, General Kearny, with his dragoons, crossed the 
southern part of what is now Arizona, following the Gila River 
to its junction with the Colorado, on his way to California. 

Following Kearny, in the same year, came a battalion of Mormon 
troops who entered the present bounds of Arizona near the south- 
east corner, and, following the Gila and San Pedro rivers, crossed 
the Colorado near what is now Yuma, establishing the first wagon 
route across the southern Cordilleras. 

At the close of the Mexican War, in 1818, tlie region became 
United States territory, being included within the boundaries of 
New Mexico, with the Gila River as its southern limit. 

In 1819, the discovery of gold in California attracted people 
from all over tlie world. Thousands from the United States and 
Mexico crossed Arizona on their way to the new mines, taking 
advantage of the route opened by the ]\Iormon Battalion. Many of 
these people returned later and settled in Arizona. 

The region south of the Gila was seen to afford an excellent 



Old Mission of Sau Xavier, near Tuesou. 



HIS TOBY 



route for a railroad to the Pacific, and was said to be rich in 
minerals. So in 1854 the United States Government, through 
James Gadsden, minister to Mexico, purchased this tract from 
Mexico, and the present boundary was established. 

In 1863, in response to petitions from the settlers, Congress 




The Capitol at Phoenix. 

separated the Territory of Arizona from New Mexico and gave it 
a territorial government of its own. 

For a long time the chief attraction to settlers was the wealth 
of the mines, but when the Apaches became less troublesome and 
were finally subdued, the people began to recognize the opportunities 
for agriculture. In 1877, the Mormons established several successful 
farming colonies in the valleys of the Little Colorado and Salt rivers. 

In 1881 the Southern Pacific Railway was completed across the 
southern part of the Territory, and two years later the Atlantic and 
Pacific Railway, now part of the Santa Fe system, was extended to 
the Colorado River across the northern part. Having thus secured 
facilities for immigration and the marketing of products, permanent 
progress was assured. 



AlilZOSA 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 

Surface. — Arizona may be divided into three physiographic 
regions. The first of these, the plateau region, occupies the north- 
eastern ]3ortion and is part of the great Colorado Phiteau. 

The second, or mountain region^ adjoins the plateau region on the 
southwest, and is a broad belt of short, nearly parallel mountain 
ranges, extending diagonally from the Colorado River in Mohave 
County to the southeast corner of the Territory. This region is 
from 70 to 150 miles wide. 

The third, or desert region^ includes the remainder of the Terri- 
tory, and lies south and west of a line from Mohave City on the 
Colorado River, past Phoenix, Florence, and Tucson, to Nogales on 
the Mexican border. 

Plateau Region. — The portion of Arizona which belongs to the 
great Colorado Plateau is an elevated region having an area of 
nearly 45,000 square miles. Its surface averages about 7000 feet 
above sea level and slopes slightly toward the north. At its southern 
limit it drops away abruptly in a long line of steep cliffs. On the 
map trace this line, beginning with the Grand Wash Cliffs, fol- 
lowing the Aubrey Cliffs and the Mogollon Mesa to the southern 
border of the White INIountains. Seligman, Ash Fork, Pine, and 
Payson are near the edge of the plateau. Find these places on the 
map. North of Payson the edge of the plateau is known locally as 
the "Mogollon Rim," and stands from 1200 to 2000 feet high. 
From below, this line of cliffs looks like a great range of mountains, 
but from tlie top of the rim the surface stretches away like a level 
plain. However, tlie surface is not so smooth as it appears in a 
general view, for in traveling over it one finds it cut by innumer- 
able deep canyons which have been slowly carved out by the streams 
of the region at the same time that the plateau was being slowly 
pushed upward. 

The C^ilorado River itself has cut, through the plateau, the most 
remarkable stream gorge in the world. That portion of its canyon 
which lies within Arizona is over 200 miles in length and from 2000 
to 6000 feet deep, its walls rising almost vertically from the river. 
So many tourists visit this canyon to enjoy the grandeur of its 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



scenery, that a railroad has been built from Williams to the edge of 
the canyon for their accommodation. 




San Francisco Peaks. 
The highest mountains in Arizona ; elevation, 12,7!V4 feet. 

The canyons of tlie tributary streams are similar to the Grand 
Canyon, but smaller because they carry a smaller volume of water. 
These canyons make travel in the plateau region very difficult, as it 
is not easy to cut a road down their steep walls, and it is frequently 
necessary to go a long way around in order to cross them. 

The plateau is largely made up of limestones and sandstones 
lying in nearly horizontal layers, as can be seen in the walls of the 
Grand Canyon and its branches. In many places, however, molten 
lava has been forced up from below through fissures in the rocks, 
and, spreading out upon the surface, has cooled in great sheets. 

North of Flagstaff are the San Francisco Mountains, the highest 
peaks in Arizona. Find them on the map. These great peaks are 
the remains of an extinct volcano, and consist of lava and cinders 
which have been forced up through the crater, and later have been 
worn and carved by rain and weather. In their neighborhood are 
many smaller craters and cinder cones, piled on top of the level 
sedimentary rock of the plateau. The White Mountains on the 
southern edge of the plateau were formed in a similar way. 

The region northeast of the Little Colorado River is largely a 
desert for lack of sufficient rainfall, but along the rim of the plateau 
there is a great belt of pine timber covering an area of six thousand 
square miles, being the largest unbroken pine forest in the United 
States. 

Forest regions are of great importance, as they prevent the 
washing away of the soil, and, by retaining the rain water, regulate 
the flow of the streams, preventing floods and maintaining the flow 
during drj'- seasons. In order to protect the timber from destruction 
by fires or by over-grazing (which kills the young trees), and to 
regulate the cutting of timber, the United States Government has 



8 ARIZONA 

\nii(\.Q foreM reserves of this and other timbered regions of Arizona, 
and appoints rangers to ride through and take care of them. 

Mountain Region. — This broad belt of territory is continuous 
with the Basin region of Nevada and Utah on the one hand, and 
with the Sierra Madre of Mexico on the other. It is a region of 
nearly parallel mountain ranges, none of which are over fifty miles 
long, and few rise over 8000 feet above sea level. The trend of 
these ranges is, for the most part, from northwest to southeast, but 
in the southeastern part of the zone they approach more nearly a 
north and south direction. Locate on the map Black Mountains, 
Hualpai ^Mountains, Juniper jNIountains, Black Hills, Bradshaw 
Mountains, Mazatzal Range, Pinal ^Mountains, Superstition Moun- 
tains, Santa Catalina ^Mountains, Galiuro ^Mountains, Santa Rita 
Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, and Huachuca Mountains. 

These ranges are separated by valleys which are deeply filled 
with sediment washed down from the mountains on either side. 
The mountains have been formed by the uplifting and tilting of 
great blocks of old sedimentary rocks, accompanied by outflows of 
lava through fissures. Long weathering has worn away so much 
of the rock that the ranges are very rugged. 

The mountains must have risen very slowly, for we see that the 
principal streams of the region, the Salt and Gila rivers, have cut 
their channels directly across the ranges. The tributaries of these 
streams drain the valleys between the ranges. 

The uplifts have brought to the surface many different kinds of 
rock. Various minerals have been forced into the fissures, and the 
veins thus formed have been exposed by erosion, making this a very 
rich mining region, both in quantity and variety of minerals. 

The presence of the mineral wealth has determined the location 
of many cities and towns in this belt. Note on the map. Chloride, 
Kingman, Prescott, Jerome, Congress, Mayer, Globe, Tombstone, 
Bisbee, Nogales, Douglas, and Naco. 

The rainfall of the mountain region is not so great as that of the 
plateau, hence there is less plant life. Still the valleys and canyons 
support a growth of cottonwood, ash, sycamore, and walnut, while 
the slopes are covered with shrubs sucli as manzanita and scrub oak, 
the latter furnishinof winter food for ranefe cattle. At higher levels 
are found junipers and Arizona cypress, valuable for fuel and for 
mine timbers, while those ranges which reach an altitude of 6500 to 
7500 feet are covered with pine timber. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



Desert Region. — This portion of Arizona is characterized by 
short, parallel ranges of low mountains, rising abruptly from broad, 
level, arid plains. These mountains look as though they were half 
buried, which, in fact, is really the case. The broad plains have been 
formed of material which has been washed down from the mountains 
from time to time by rainstorms, and spread out in sheets over the 
valleys. Although the region is arid, it is subject to violent rain- 
storms occurring at long intervals, each storm being confined to a 
small area. In the course of years, each part of the region is tlnis 
visited. Now one of these " cloudbursts," as the minei's call them, 
sweeps away the loose soil 
from the mountain sides, 
where it receives no protec- 
tion from the sparse vegeta- 
tion, and the gathering water 
roars down the canyons in 
foaming torrents, carrying 
sand, clay, gravel, and even 
large bowlders far out upon 
the plain. In this manner, 
little by little, the valley is 
filled, for the rivers have 
neitlier volume enough nor 
slope enough to carry the 
sediment away. In some of 
these valleys, wells have 
shown the sediment to have 
a very great depth. 

On account of the low 
elevation of the desert re- 
gion, the rainfall is scanty, 

and the existence of plants depends upon their ability to resist 
drought. During the short rainy seasons the desert is usually 
covered with low plants whose brilliant flowers form masses of color 
often miles in extent. All these tender plants must quickly mature 
the seed which is to tide over the long months of drought which 
are to follow. The only perennial plants of the region are those 
which are able to retain moisture for long periods. 

Along the Colorado River, from Yuma north, the tree yucca is 
a characteristic plant. Farther east, the saguaro, or giant cactus, 




Giant Cactus in the Desert. 



10 ARIZONA 

is a conspicuous feature of the landscape, and other species of cactus 
are plentiful, especially upon the lower slopes of the mountains. 
Over the greater part of the region grows the creosote bush, often 
wrongly called greasewood. 

Along the tcashes, or beds of wet-weather streams, are usually 
found groves of mesquite, iron-wood, and palo verde. These are 
about the only trees that are able to withstand the desert conditions. 
Their leaves are small, and their bark is of such a character as to 
evaporate very little water. 

Those parts of the desert which border upon permanent streams, 
or which are watered by irrigation, support a varied and luxuriant 
vegetation. 

Most, if not all, of the mountain ranges of this region are mineral 
bearing, but lack of water has delayed the development of mines. 

3fountain Peaks. — Many j^eaks in Arizona are of considerable 
altitude, and are prominent landmarks. The summit of the highest 
of the San Francisco peaks is 12,794 feet above sea level, and over 
1300 feet above the timber line. In the eastern part of the Terri- 
tory, Escudilla Peak reaches a height of 10,691 feet. In the White 
Mountains are Green's Peak, 10,115 feet, Ord Peak, 10,266 feet, and 
INIt. Thomas, 11,496 feet. Mt. Thomas rises nearly 400 feet above 
the timber line. Mt. Graham, tlie highest peak of the Pinaleno 
range, is 10,516 feet high, and is a noted summer resort for camping 
parties. The San Francisco Peaks are snow-capped the greater part 
of the year. 

Drainage. — The greater part of the surface of Arizona is included 
in two drainage basins, the Little Colorado River draining the plateau 
region, and the Gila River, with its branches, receiving the drainage 
of the mountain and desert regions. 

The northern part of Apache County is drained by a wet- weather 
stream called the Rio de Clielly, which flows north into the San Juan 
River in Utah. Portions of Mohave and Yavapai counties are in- 
cluded in the basin of Bill Williams Fork. All these streams are 
tributaries of the Colorado. 

A small area along the Mexican border is drained by streams of 
the nortliern Sonora. 

Little Colorado River. — The rim of the Colorado Plateau forms 
the divide between the Gila basin on the south and that of the Little 
Colorado on the north. The latter rises in the White Mountains 
and flows northwest into the Colorado River about 65 miles north 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



11 



of Flagstaff. lis basin slopes gradually toward the northwest and 
from both sides toward the river. In the upper part of its course it 
flows through a broad valley which, by irrigation, has become an 
agricultural district, and supports a number of towns and villages, 
among which are Winslow, Holbrook, St. Johns, Springerville, and 
Snowflake. 

In the lower part of its course, however, it winds through a deep 
canyon with precipitous sides. This canyon lies in the midst of a 




Site of Roosevelt Dam. 
Showing voliuue of water at flood iu Salt River. 

remarkable region known as the Painted Desert, from the variety of 
colors exhibited by the sandstone buttes which cluster over its sur- 
face, and from which has been derived the material of the level 
stretches of sandy plain. In the rainy season the river carries, at 
times, a large volume of water, thick and turbid with the red sedi- 
ment brought from the desert by its wet-weather tributaries. In the 
dry season the river, in its lower portion, ceases to flow, and its bed 
is dry save for occasional pools of alkaline water. 

G-ila River System. —This is the most important stream system 
in Arizona. The Gila River itself rises in the mountain region of 
New Mexico and flows southwestward over five hundred miles to 
join the Colorado at Yuma. In its upper valley it flows through an 



12 ARIZONA 

open, grassy country, watering a rich agricultural district which 
supports the towns of Solomonsville, Safford, and others. Then, 
after winding through several "box canyons " which it has cut 
through the mountain ranges, it emerges upon the plains of the 
desert region a few miles east of Florence. From this point to its 
mouth, its course is over the deposits of the filled valleys, where it is 
subject to floods of large volume, though usually of short duration. 
The river is usually highest in January and February, and in the 
summer months its bed is frequently dry for miles. Its principal 
tributaries are the Salt, Agua Fria, and Hassyampa rivers on the 
north, and the San Pedro and Santa Cruz on the south. 

Salt River. — This is the chief tributary of the Gila. With its 
main branch, the Verde River, it drains an area of 12,260 square 
miles (larger than IVIaryland), and receives the rainfall of the 
White Mountains and the southern slope of the rim of the plateau. 
In its upper portion it flows through a succession of mountain 
valleys and box canyons, emerging upon the desert plain at the foot 
of Mt. McDowell, just below the mouth of the Verde. From this 
point to its junction with the Gila it waters the richest agricultural 
district of Arizona, in which are located Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa. 

The Salt and Verde rivers, above their point of junction, are of 
practically the same length, and the areas of their watersheds are 
nearly equal, yet the Salt discharges fifty per cent more water than 
the Verde because the rainfall of its basin is greater. As the water- 
shed of the Salt is rugged and not easy of access, its original 
growth of timber, brush, and grasses has remained undisturbed, and 
serves to check the washing effect of the rains and to regulate the 
flow of the stream. On the other hand, for many j^ears the more 
accessible watershed of the Verde River has been used for grazing 
purposes, and much of the timber has been removed. As a conse- 
quence, the rainfall in the Verde basin runs off rapidly and washes 
away the soil, and the Verde is subject to more frequent and higher 
floods than the Salt, and carries three times as much sediment. 

The Underflow. — The rivers of the desert region flow over the 
surface of the valley fill. This fill consists of beds of waterworn 
bowlders alternating with finer deposits, and is of great depth. Near 
Mesa, a well was sunk to a depth of 1300 feet without reaching 
bed rock. 

Now, as the elevation of Mesa is less than 1300 feet, the bottom of 
the vallev under the sediment is actually below sea level. From 



CLIMATE AND SOIL 13 

this and other indications it is believed that at one time this region 
was much more elevated than now, and the streams were cutting 
down the valleys. Then the surface slowly sank. The streams 
were checked, and could no longer carry away the sediment, and this 
accumulated, forming the present desert plains. Some of the 
present streams, after flowing some distance on the plain, sink into 
these old sediments and reach the Gila only in very rainy seasons. 
The Hassyampa, Agua Fria, and Santa Cruz are examples. A large 
portion of the water of the Salt and Gila rivers also sinks. As a 
result, the valley fill is saturated with water which seeps slowly 
along in an underground course parallel to that of the surface 
streams, and can be reached by wells at various depths. This 
underground water is being utilized for irrigation purposes by 
pumping from wells. 

Colorado River. — The Colorado River drains an area of 225,000 
square miles, nearly twice that of Arizona, but most of the water it 
carries comes from the high mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. 
Like other rivers of arid regions, its volume is subject to great 
variations. It usually begins to rise in March, when the mountain 
snows begin to melt, and reaches its highest stage in June. During 
July and August, it gradually subsides, and for the rest of the year 
carries less than one fifth of its maximum flow. Although it dis- 
charges annually enough water to irrigate some 4,000,000 acres of 
land, this water is not at present available for irrigation except in 
the lower part of its course, after it emerges from its great canyon 
at the Grand Wash Cliffs. 



CLIMATE AND SOIL 

Temperature. — Owing to the differences in elevation of its sur- 
face, Arizona exhibits such a variety of climatic conditions that, by 
traveling about a little, one could spend the entire year in a delightful 
climate without leaving the Territory. 

In the plateau region the conditions are those of the temperate 
zone. The summers are moderately warm and very pleasant, and 
the winters quite cold. At Flagstaff (elevation 6907 feet), the 
average temperature for January is 28 degrees, and for July, 67 
degrees. The temperature seldom reaches 88 degrees in summer, 



14 ARIZONA 

and sometimes falls to 20 degrees below zero in winter. Frosts 
occur early in the fall and late in the spring, so the region is adapted 
only to the hardier fruits, vegetables, and grains. 

In the desert region the summers are intensely hot, but the 
winters are mild and delightful. At Phoenix (elevation 1090 
feet), tlie average temperature for July is 90 degrees, and for 
January, 50 degrees. In summer the temj^erature occasionally 
reaches 112 or 116, while tlie winter temperature never falls below 
22 degrees, and seldom below the freezing point, even at niglit. 
The winter frosts rarely do serious damage. The climate may be 
said to be semi-tropical. 

Tlie climate of the mGuntain region varies with the elevation, 
from that of the desert to that of the plateau. 

Throughout the Territory, the daily range of temperature is very 
great. This is due to the dryness of the air, which allows the 
surface to cool very rapidly after sunset. A difference of 40 degrees 
between day and night is not uncommon. Hence, in the hot sum- 
mers of the desert region, the nights are cool and refreshing. On 
account of this dryness of the air, sunstrokes are unknown even in 
the warmest sections of Arizona, and men and teams are able to 
work without danger from the heat. 

Rainfall. — The average rainfall of the Territory is about 12 
inches annually, but the amount varies with the altitude from less 
than 3 inches along the western part of the desert to 25 inches in the 
vicinity of the San Francisco jNIountains. 

Southwesterly winds prevail over the entire Territory the year 
round. These winds deposit very little moisture upon the com- 
paratively low desert region, but, as the air is forced up over the 
edge of the plateau, it becomes cooled, the water vapor is con- 
densed, and the elevated region from the San Franciscos to 
the White Mountains receives from 20 to 25 inches of rainfall 
yearly. 

The air, in passing over the Painted Desert, settles again and 
becomes warmer. Therefore the rainfall of that portion of the 
plateau is only 6 to 8 inches. 

There are two rainy seasons in Arizona. The summer rains 
usually extend through July, August, and September. During 
this time, some rain falls in all parts of the Teri-itory, and in the 
elevated regions, thunderstorms are of almost daily occurrence. 
The winter rains begin in November and continue at intervals 



CLIMATE AND SOIL 



15 



until the last of March. During this season much snow falls in 
the plateau and mountain regions. The slow melting of this snow 
moistens the stock ranges and supplies the rivers with water. 
During the remaining months rain seldom falls. 

Arizona is quite free from destructive storms, and tornadoes are 
unknown. The peculiar dust storms of the desert region are un- 
comfortable but not dangerous. They last but a short time, and 
are followed by clear and cooler weather. 

The bright and unfailing sunshine, dry air, and mild winters of 
Arizona have attracted to the Territory many people in search of 
health, and many others who wish to escape the discomforts of more 
rigorous climates. 

Irrigation. — The soil of all the valleys of Arizona is formed of 
material washed from the mountain sides by rain and streams. 
All sorts of rock materials are thoroughly mingled in the processes 
of transportation and deposit, and the result is a soil usually of great 



•'^^^ 



*s 



-:3'> 




Iriigatino; an Orange Grove near Phoenix. 
The water is run in furrows between the lines of trees. 



depth, and containing all the necessary elements of plant food. 
Since the rainfall of these valleys is entirely too small for farming, 
the question of raising crops from this extremely fertile soil becomes 
a question of water supply. 

This problem is solved by irrigation. The water of the 
streams is checked by dams and turned into canals which carry 
the water to the cultivated lands. The water is applied to the 
land as required, either by flooding the whole surface, as is done 



16 ARIZONA 

in raising grain or hay, or by running the water over the land in 
furrows. The latter method is used in orchards and in growing 
vegetables. There are in Arizona nearly 1800 miles of these canals 
and ditches, some of which carry the water to as great a distance as 
50 miles. 

The water used for irrigation is usually muddy. The mud or 
silt is finely ground rock material, and contains the substances needed 
for plant food. When spread over the fields with the water, it 
serves to restore the fertility of land which might otherwise become 
exhausted by the heavy crops grown. 

All the streams of the Territory are subject to great floods, 
durinor which the volume of water is neater than can be used. To 
prevent the waste of this flood water, and to secure a supply of 
water during the dry seasons, large storage dams are built, which 
retain the storm water in great reservoirs, such as the Roosevelt 
reservoir on upper Salt River, and the Laguna reservoir on the 
Colorado above Yuma. The water thus stored can be delivered to 
the canals as required, securing an uninterrupted supply, and enab- 
ling the ranchers to raise larger crops and to bring a much greater 
area under cultivation. 

In some parts of Arizona, water for irrigation is obtained from 
wells. Near Benson and St. David, also near Safford, the pressure 
of the ground water in the wells is sufficient to force it to the surface 
without the use of pumps. Considerable land in these localities is 
watered by these artesian wells. 

In the Salt River valley the supply of water is increased by 
pumping from wells sunk into the underflow. 



RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 

Arizona's great natural sources of wealth are the rich mines, the 
extensive forests, the wide natural pastures of the stock ranges, and 
the fertile soil of the valleys, with water for irrigation. 

Mines and Mining. — The uplifting of so many different rock 
formations has brought within reach a great variety of minerals. 
Erosion has exposed the veins, and the absence of dense vegetation 
enables the prospector easily to recognize the existence of valuable 
ore deposits. The climate is such that mining can be carried on at 



BESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 



17 



all seasons of tlie year without interruption by storms or heavy falls 
of snow. All these causes combine to make Arizona one of the 



richest mining regions in the world. 




Congress Gold IMine. 

Showing- cyanide reduction plant. 

lu these buildings the last traces of gold are taken from the ore. 



The mines have been a very important factor in the development 
of the Territory. They employ a great many men and pay out 
large sums of money for labor. They require large quantities of 
wood, coal, and oil for fuel, and lumber for timbering the shafts and 
underground workings. In order to transport these materials to 
the mines and to ship away the product, railways are built, and these 
further develop the regions through which they pass, and open them 
to settlement. 

There are valuable mines in nearly every part of Arizona, but 
the mountain region is the most important mining section. Here 
are found copper, gold, silver, lead, quicksilver, and other metals, 
and there are large deposits of gypsum, rock salt, onyx, saltpeter, 
and asbestos. 

Copper, — In the production of copper, Arizona is the second 
district in the United States, Montana being first, and Michigan 



18 



ARIZONA 



third. Copper is mined in nearly every part of the mountain 
region, in the mountain ranges of the desert region, and even in the 
Grand Canyon. There are four leading copper districts: Bisbee, 
Clifton-Morenci, Jerome, and Globe. Locate these places on the 
map. 

The ore mined at Bisbee is shipped by rail to the great smelters 
at Douglas, where the copper is extracted. There are large smelters 




Converters in the smelter at Dimglas. 

The sulphur is burned out of the molten mass hy a blast of air. The copj)er 

is then poured into molds. 



at Clifton, which handle the ore from the mines of Clifton, ^lorenci, 
and Metcalf. At Jerome and Globe the ores are treated in smelters 
close to the mines. 

G-old is distributed j)retty generally throughout the mountain 
region and the ranges of the desert. It usually occurs in quartz 
veins, as at Congress, where the veins have been followed by shafts 
and tunnels to a depth of over 3000 feet. In Yavapai County, much 
gold has been obtained from stream gravels or placers along the 
Hassyampa River and its tributary creeks. The placers near 
Greaterville, in Pima County, are worked by the hydraulic method. 

Silver is found associated with gold and other metals in many of 
the mines. Tombstone is the center of one of the most important 
silver-producing districts. This district also yields gold and lead. 



RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 19 

Other Minerals. — The Castle Dome district, northeast of Yuma, 
yields very pure lead, which is shipped to San Francisco to be 
manufactured into paint. The rare metal, tungsten, valuable for 
toughening steel, is found in considerable quantities in the moun- 
tains north of Dragoon. Quicksilver occurs a few miles east, of 
Ehrenberg. Beds of gypsum 200 feet thick are found in the Santa 
Catalina Mountains, and gypsum occurs in many other localities. 
In the Verde valley are large deposits of rock salt'. Deposits of coal 
are known to exist near San Carlos, but they have not yet been 
developed. 

Building Stone. — Quarries at Flagstaff yield a fine quality of 
red sandstone which has been used for large and important buildings 
in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Denver, as well as in many Ari- 
zona towns. The Capitol at Phoenix is built of white tufa from 
the quarries of Yavapai County. Excellent granite for building 
purposes is found in many localities in unlimited amount. Marble, 
both white and black, is found in the Chiricahua ^Mountains near 
Bowie and in other places. Near Mayer and along Cave Creek are 
quarries of lime-onyx, which is very beautiful, and suitable for 
decorative purposes. Limestone and clay suitable for manufactur- 
ing cement are found at Roosevelt, where the cement for the 
government dams on Salt River is manufactured. 

Agriculture. — The agricultural interests of Arizona are next in 
importance to the mines. Several fortunate conditions contribute 
to the success of this industry. The soil of the valleys is deep and 
very fertile, and the necessary water is applied by irrigation at those 
times when the crops require it, and can be withheld at times when 
it would be a disadvantage. Thus the rancher is not dependent 
upon uncertain rains. The climate of the desert region is such that 
some kind of crop can be grown every month in the year, and the 
large amount of sunshine is favorable to the growth of crops. For 
these reasons, an acre of land in one of the irrigated sections of 
Arizona can be made to yield nearly three times as great a crop as 
an equal area of the prairie land of the central states. 

The valleys of the Salt, Gila, San Pedro, Santa Cruz, and 
Colorado rivers contain most of the irrigated land, though consid- 
erable farming is done in the valleys of the Little Colorado and 
Verde rivers and along many smaller streams. Li the better- 
watered portions of the plateau region, some " dry farming "' is car- 
ried on, but on a small scale. 



20 



ARIZONA 



In Arizona every farm, large or small, is called a " ranch," The 
j)rincipal crop is alfalfa, which is cut for hay, and can be made to 
yield five or six crops a year. It is a common practice to cut two 
crops of hay and one of seed, and then to pasture cattle on the 
fields the remainder of the year. In this manner the range cattle 
are fattened f(n- the market, and the rancher derives an added in- 
come from his land. 

Wheat, barley, and oats are extensively raised, and produce large 
crops. Sorghum and kaffir corn are grown for forage, and recently 
considerable Indian corn has been grown. Sugar beets do well in 
the Salt River valley. Potatoes thrive in northern Arizona, and in 




Threshinw and sacking wheat, 
Salt River valley. 



the southern districts two crops can be raised. By properly select- 
ing the planting season, almost every variety of garden vegetable 
can be grown. 

Besides supplying the local demand, hay is shipped in large 
quantities to southern California, Texas, and Mexico. Potatoes find 
a ready market in the mining camps. Melons do well, and line 
cantaloupes are shipped in iced cars to Chicago. 

Fruit Growing. — In northern Arizona and in the higher valleys 
of the mountain region, apples, cherries, pears, and peaches of excel- 



1 



BESOURCES AND INDUSTBIES 



21 



lent quality are grown. In the Salt and Gila valleys, apricots, 
grapes, and plums grow to perfection. Superior oranges and lemons 
are produced in the Salt River valley and near Yuma. The oranges 
ripen early, and therefore command high prices in eastern markets. 
Figs, almonds, and pomegranates grow well in the warmer sections, 
and strawberries are a profitable crop. Olives raised near Phoenix 
yield the highest grades of oil. The raising of dates has been 
proven a success, the trees requiring little care, and producing 
heavily. 




Ostriches in an alfalfa field. 

Stock Raisiyig. — The valleys and slopes of the mountain region 
and the extensive open country of the plateau region are largely 
devoted to cattle raising. The cattle are branded, and roam at 
large over the ranges^ feeding upon the grasses and shrubs. They are 
"rounded up "by the cowboys when it is desired to brand the calves 
or to select animals for the market. Those picked for shipment 
are usually driven to the irrigated valleys, where they are fattened 
upon alfalfa pasture before being shipped by rail to Denver, 
Kansas City, or Los Angeles. 

Near Wilcox, and in the Salt River valley, high-bred cattle 
and horses are raised. Dairying is carried on in most of the alfalfa 
districts. 



22 ARIZONA 

Sheep G-raziny is a leading industry in the plateau region. The 
climate is favorable, and the open countr}^ well suited to the habits 
of the sheep. During the winter, when the pasturage on the ranges 
becomes scant, many of the flocks are driven south to feed upon 
the rich growth of herbage which springs up on the desert soon 
after the rains begin. 

Large numbers of Angora goats are also raised for their wool. 

Ostrich Fanning. — The largest ostrich farms in America are 
located in Arizona. There are over two thousand of these queer 
birds on the farms near Phoenix and Tempe, where they are fed 
u})on alfalfa. The climate is well adapted to this industry, for 
the l>irds thrive and multiply rapidly, and the feathers, which are 
plucked every eight months, are said to be finer and more beau- 
tiful than those shipped from South Africa. 

Lumbering. — Although the forests of Arizona are very extensive, 
the production of lumber on a large scale is at present confined to 
Coconino County. The timber is yellow pine. Railways are built 
into the forest to haul the logs to the mills at Flagstaff and Williams, 
where they are cut into lumber. This lumber is shipped through- 
out Arizona, and to points in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska, and 
occasionally even to Chicago and New York. The demand from 
these outside points is due to the decrease in the supply of lumber 
from the eastern forests. 

Manufacturing. — Arizona's most important manufacturing in- 
dustries are closely connected with the development of the mines. 

Besides the smelters and reduction works located at the large 
mines, there are others established for the purpose of working the 
ores from the many smaller mines. These are called custom s)nelters. 
The mining companies are thus saved the expense of sliipping the 
ore to distant places to have it smelted. At Douglas are large 
foundries and machine shops for the manufacture and repair of min- 
ing machinery. Some of the larger mines have their own sawmills 
for cutting mine timbers. 

Railroad shops at Tucson, Phoenix, and Prescott employ many 
men in the repair and construction of cars and equipment. Artificial 
building stone and gypsum plaster are manufactured at Douglas. 
Cement for concrete work is manufactured in connection with the 
government construction work at Roosevelt. Box factories in con- 
nection with the sawmills at Flagstaff and Williams supply boxes 
and crates to the fruit regions of California and the melon-growing 
districts of Colorado. 



EESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 23 



kH^ 



^•ITS. r 







^t«?ir 



Cement mill at Roosevelt. 

The wheat of the Salt River and Gihi valleys is ground in the 
flouring mills of Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, Tucson, Solomonsville, and 
Safford. The beet sugar factory at Glendale has a caj)acity of a 
thousand tons of beets daily- 
Commerce and Transportation. — ^Nleans of transportation are nec- 
essary in order to reach markets for the exchange of commodities. 
What products does Arizona ship to outside markets ? What must 
Arizona people obtain from eastern markets? From the Pacific 
Coast ? 

The rivers of Arizona are not suited to navigation. Light- 
draught steamers can usually ascend the Colorado as far as Yuma, 
but little or no traffic is carried on by this means. 

The commerce of the Territory is carried on by the railways. 
There are about two thousand miles of railroads in Arizona. Two 
great trunk lines cross it from east to west; the Santa Fe in the 
northern part, and the Southern Pacific in the southern. Notice 
on the map how the Santa Fe follows the course of the Rio 
Puerco and the Little Colorado, and the Southern Pacific the 
Santa Cruz and Gila rivers in order to obtain easy grades. 

These roads connect Arizona with the ports of the Gulf of 
Mexico and the markets of the Mississippi Valley on the one hand, 



24 



ARIZONA 



and with the Pacific Coast cities on the otlier. A third line, nearly- 
completed in 1907, will cross the Colorado River at Parker, and 
following the valleys of the Salt, Gila, and San Pedro rivers, will 
connect with eastern lines in New Mexico. 

The Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway was built to open 
communication with the mines of Yavapai County. On the map» 
trace its line, and notice branch lines to Congress, Jerome, Maj-er^ 
and Crown King, which are important mining centers. Trace the 
branch lines from the Southern Pacific to Globe, Tombstone, Bisbee, 
Douglas, and Silverbell. Why are these lines important ? Some of 
these branch lines have been constructed under great difficulties 
because of steep grades and deep canyons. 

Arizona carries on considerable trade with Mexico, which is 
reached by way of Nogales, Naco, or Douglas. These three cities 
are ports of entry for the collection of duties on imported goods. 

Some of the mining towns are not yet reached by the railroads^ 
and freight must be hauled to them in wagons. These wagons are 
large and heavy, and are drawn by from six to twenty horses or 
mules. This method is slow and expensive. Without the railroads, 
Arizona could have made very little progress toward her present 
prosperous condition. 




Main Buildiuy, Tempe Normal School. 



EDUCATION 



Arizona has developed an excellent public-school system. No' 
settlement is without scliool facilities. The larger cities have estab- 
lished hiofh schools. There are two territorial normal schools for 



EDUCATION 



25 




Maiu Building, University of Arizona, Tucsou. 

the training of teachers, one at Flagstaff and one at Tempe. The 
Uuiversit}' of Arizona at Tucson gives opportunity for higlier ediica- 




Pablic School, Flagstaff. 



tion, and is noted for the excellence of its school of mines and for 
the useful work of its agricultural experiment station. 

There are also a number of private schools and academies. 

In 1907, the number of pupils enrolled in the public schools of 

Arizona was ....... 25,360 

the number of teachers employed .... 639 

the number of school districts .... 293 

the number of schoolhouses ..... 302 

the total money expended for education . . $768,589.52 

and the total value of school property was . . $1,880,010.00 



CITIES AND TOWNS 

The location of the cities and towns of Arizona has been deter- 
mined b}' the three great interests of the Territory : mining, agri- 
culture, and stock raising. All the larger cities have waterworks, 
gas and electric light, electric street railways, ice factories, and 
other modern conveniences, and are connected by long-distance 
telephone lines. 

In tlie plateau region, where the chief interests are the raising of 
cattle and sheep and the cutting of lumber, Ave find the towns con- 
veniently near the stock ranges or the forests. In the valley of 
the Little Colorado River are many thriving towns. Jlolbrook, the 
county seat of Navajo County, is the principal shipping point of 
the region for cattle, sheep, and wool. ^S'^. Johns, the county seat 
of Apache County, Concho, Spt-ingerville, Snowjlake, and Heher are 
located among irrigated ranches and surrounded by fine grazing 
country. Winsloiv is a division point on the Santa Fe Railway, 
whicli maintains there a roundhouse and repair shops. 

In the forest belt. Flagstaff, a town of 1500 inhabitants in 1907, 
is lieautifully located at the foot of the San Francisco Mountains, 
and is surrounded by a region full of points of natural interest. It 
is the supply point for the sheep camps of a large area, and ships 
building stone from large sandstone quarries. The Northern 
Arizona Normal School is located here, also the Lowell Observatory, 
with its large telescope. Farther west is Williams, from which 
point a l)ranch line of the Santa Fe road carries tourists to the rim 



CITIES AND TOWNS 27 

of the Grand Canyon. Both FLagstaff and Williams manufacture 
large quantities of pine lumber and boxes. 

In the mountain region, the cities have grown up around or near 
the important mines, and each mineral district has its group of towns 
and villages. 

Chloride, the center of the Hualpai district, has a large concen- 
trating works, and is connected by rail with Kingman, the county 
seat of Mohave County, and the shipping point for the cattle and 
mining interests of that section. 

Frescott, whose population was 6500 in 1907, is picturesquely 
situated in a beautiful valley among pine-clad mountains. It enjoys 
a delightful climate, and is a thoroughly modern city. Railroad 
shops and factories employ many men, and the city is the center of 
supply for one of the important mining districts as well as the trade 
center for many towns along the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix 
Railway and its branches.' Among these are Humboldt, Mayer, 
Croivn King, Skull Valley, Kirkland, and Congress. 

A railway line into the Black Hills reaches Jerome (population 
4500 in 1907), which depends for its wealth upon the United Verde 
copper mine and other mines in the vicinity. 

WicJcenhurg is a junction point on the Arizona and California 
Railway, and is the central point of a rich gold-mining district. 

Grlobe (population 8500 in 1907) is an enterprising city in the 
center of an important copper district, containing many mines, of 
which the principal producer is the Old Dominion, which operates 
large smelters. The products of these mines, as well as many 
mountain cattle, are shipped out over the Gila valley branch of the 
Southern Pacific, which passes through the rich agricultural valley 
of the upper Gila. 

This valley is one of the most important farming sections of the 
Territory, and here we find Solomonsville and Safford with flouring 
mills, also Geronimo, Pima, and Thatcher. 

Near the eastern boundary of the Territory are three of the 
busiest towns of Arizona. Clifton with 6000 inhabitants, Morenci 
with 5000, and MetcaJf with 2000, are but a few miles apart, and 
are built among the mines of a rich copper district, the second in 
Arizona in point of production. Although built on the steep sides 
of the canyons of San Francisco River and Chase Creek, they have 
many fine buildings and modern improvements. The Arizona and 
New Mexico Railroad gives an outlet to the Southern Pacific at 
Lordsburg, New Mexico. 



28 



ABIZONA 



The most productive copper district in Arizona surrounds the 
city of Bishee, whose popuhition was 10,000 in 1907. Here are the 
famous Copper Queen mine and the Calumet and Arizona, which 
together have produced over $20,000,000 worth of copper in 
a single year. A branch line connects with the Southern Pacific 
at Benson, and the ore from the mines is shipped over another rail- 
way to the great smelters at Douglas, which in size and capacity are 
second only to the great Washoe smelter in Montana. Douglas 
(population 9000 in 1907) is well laid out with broad streets and 
good buildings, and, besides the smelters, has also large machine 
shops, foundries, and other manufacturing establishments. 




A street iu Fhoeuix. 



Naco is the shipping point for large copper mines in Sonora, 
Mexico, with which it is connected by a railroad. 

Tombstone (population 2000 in 1907) is surrounded by large 
silver and gold mines which have been worked for many years. 

Wilcox and Benson are important railroad points. 

Noijales had a population of 2507 in 1907. It is the county 
seat of Santa Cruz County, and has important mining and stock- 
raising interests. It is located on the Mexican boundary, and is 
the chief port of entry for Arizona. 

Tucson, in the valley of the Santa Cruz, is the largest city of 
Arizona, with a population of 20,000 in 1907. It is the base of 
supply for a large number of mines, and does a large amoiint 



CITIES AND TOWNS 29 

of wholesale and jobbing business. There is a fine public library, 
many fine business blocks, flour mills, and ice works. The Southern 
Pacific repair shops here are the largest in the Territory. The 
University of Arizona is located here, and the Carnegie Desert 
Laboratory is near by. 

In the desert region, the important towns are located in the 
irrigated sections. 

Phoenix, the capital and second city in size, had in 1907 a popula- 
tion of 15,000. It is situated in the fertile Salt River valley, the 
leading agricultural region of Arizona. It is connected by rail with 
the main line of the Santa Fe on the north and with the Southern 
Pacific on the south, and is on the route of the new east and west 
trunk line. It has fine buildings, beautiful parks, flour mills, plan- 
ing mills, and ice factories, and ships large quantities of farm 
products and cattle. 

Tempe (population 1400 in 1907) and 3Iesa (with 1250) are 
surrounded by fine ranches. Both these towns manufacture flour, 
ice, butter, and cheese, and ship large quantities of hay, grain, and 
fat cattle. The Tempe Normal School is a territorial institution, 
and is favorably situated near the center of population of the 
Territory. 

Yuma (population 2500 in 1907) is the shipping point for the 
rich farming and fruit-raising district of the lower Colorado River, 
and is the base of supplies for the mines of the Castle Dome, Fortuna, 
and other districts. 



30 



ARIZONA 



APPENDIX 



POPULATION OF THE CHIEF CITIES AXD TOWNS FOR 1900 WITH 
OFFICIAL ESTIMATES FOR 1907 



Cities and Towns 



Benson . 

Bisbee . 

Chloride 

Clifton . 

Congress 

Douglas 

Flagstaff 

Florence 

Globe . 

Holbrook 

Jerome . 

Kelvin . 

Kinginau 

McCabe . 

Mesa 

Metcalf . 

Morenci 

Naco 

Nogales . 

Phoenix 

Pima 

Prescott . 

St. Johns 

Solonionsville 

Springerville 

Tempe . 

Thatcher 

Tombstone 

Tucson . 

'NV'ickenburg 

Williams 

Winslow 

Yuma , 



Counties 



Cochise 

Cochise 

Mohave 

Graham 

Yavapai 

Cochise 

Coconino 

Pinal 

Gila 

Navajo 

Yavapai 

Pinal 

Mohave 

Yavapai 

Maricopa 

Graham 

Graham 

Cochise 

Santa Cruz 

jNIaricopa 

Graham 

Yavapai 

Apache 

Graham 

Apache 

Maricopa 

Graham 

Cochise 

Pima 

Maricopa 

Coconino 

Navajo 

Yuma 



1900 



800 
465 

1,271 

1,495 

360 

2,861 

400 



1,761 

5,544 

521 

3,559 

629 

885 

644 

646 

7,531 



1,305 
1,519 



1907 



1,000 
10,000 

225 
6,000 

400 
9,000 
1,500 

750 
8,500 

375 
4,500 

300 

950 

800 
1,250 
2,000 
5,000 

600 

2,507 

15,000 

600 
6,500 
1,450 

800 

450 

1,400 

1,000 

2,000 

20,000 

503 
1,200 
1,900 
2,500 



NEW 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

By 

RALPH S. TARR, B.S.. F.G.S.A. 

Professor in Cornell University, and co-author of the Tarr and McMurry Geographies 

Price $1.00 

Modern. This being the latest book on the subject, the author has 
been able to describe the results of the most recent investigations into 
important physical phenomena, such as the eruption of Mont Pelee. 

Arrangement. For the first time a text-book in the science has 
been prepared that proceeds from the simple to the complex. The 
study of springs, rivers, valleys, mountains, and hills introduces the 
pupil to the study, while the study of the atmosphere, the weather, 
and more difificult subjects is presented near the end of the book. 

Application. As each new principle is presented, it is applied to 
definite localities with which the pupil is already acquainted. This 
method increases the child's interest in the study. 

Illustrations. There are 568 photographs of the places mentioned 
in the text. Next to being on the ground, these views are the best 
aid to teacher and pupil. No other text-book can compare with 
Professor Tarr's work in this feature. 

Human Element. In the chapters on the Physiography of the 
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Distribution of Animals, and Man and Nature, the effects and opera- 
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

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THE MACMILLAN POCKET SERIES OP 
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CLASSICS 

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•Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley. 

Brownings Shorter Poems. 

Mrs. Browning's Poems (Selections from). 

♦Burke's Speech on Conciliation. 

Byron's Childe Harold. 

Byron's Shorter Poems. 

*Carlyle's Essay on Bums, with Selections. 

Chaucer's Prologue to the Book of the Tales 

of Canterbury, the Knight's Tale, and 

the Nun's Priest's Tale 
•Coleridge's The Ancient Mariner. 
Cooper's Last of the Mohicans. 
Cooper's The Deerslayer. 
De Quincey's Confessions of an English 

Opium Eater. 
Dryden's Palamon and Arcite. 
Early American Orations, 1760-1824. 
Jonathan Edwards' Sermons (Selections 

from) . 
•George Eliot's Silas Mamer. 
Epoch-making Papers in United States 

History. 
Franklin's Autobiography. 
•Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield. 
Hawthorne's Twice-told Tales. 
Irving's Alhambra. 
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Irving's Sketch Book. 
Longfellow's Evangeline. 
•Lowell's "Vision of Sir Launfal. 
•Macaulay's Essay on Addison. 
Macaulay's Essay on Clive. 



•Macaulay's Essay on Johnson. 

•Macaulay's Essay on Milton. 

Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings. 

•Milton's Comus, Lycidas, and Other Poems. 

Milton's Paradise Lost. 

Palgrave's Golden Treasury of Songs and 
Lyrics. 

Plutarch's Lives of Caesar, Brutus, and An- 
tony. 

Poe's Poems. 

Poe's Prose Tales (Selections from). 

Pope's Homer's Iliad. 

Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, and King of the 
Golden River. 

•Scott's Ivanhoe. 

*Scott's Lady of the Lake. 

Scott's Marmion. 

Shakespeare's As You Like It. 

Shakespeare's Hamlet. 

*Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. 

*Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. 

•Shakespeare's Macbeth. 

Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. 

Shelley and Keats (Selections from). 

Southern Poets (Selections from). 

Spenser's Faerie Queen, Book I. 

Stevenson's Treasure Island. 

•Tennyson's The Princess. 

•Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 

Tennyson's Shorter Poems. 

John Woolman's Journal. 

Wordsworth's Shorter Poems. 



Please note that the volumes starred (*) are the ones required for admission to South- 
ern colleges. 



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